How Personal Can Ethics Get Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How Personal Can Ethics Get - Essay Example Personal differences and preferences can impart a negative impact on organizational ethics, especially if it is up on the hierarchical level. Favoritism and Partiality has forever been known for violation of equal rights – a policy that most organizations carry on their sleeves. If an executive practices partiality in his/her choices of human resource, it not only affects the morale of the competitor individual but also diminishes the overall efficiency of the organization knowing a suitable candidate was rejected for a project against an incapable one. Additionally, this will also demoralize other employees of the organization, knowing that the system for their career growth is corrupt by personal biases. If this partiality is backed by personal gains (monetary or otherwise) on behalf of the executive, it further deteriorates the organizational relationships – the employees tend to be uninterested in company decisions, disloyal towards the organization and low- perform ed. Turnover rate can also be expected to be higher than normal for such an organization. Also, it can be expected that such an organization will dissolve rapidly into non-existence. Business operations therefore strictly require the setting aside of personal differences and working in collaboration for common organizational goals. Ethics play a vital role in organizations and organizational commitments on behalf of employees. Ethics, if practiced properly, can guarantee organizational prosperity. This is because ethical environment ensures safeguard of employee rights, allowing them to concentrate on their jobs and prove to be productive members of the organization. The employees will be less pressurized to compromise their own ethics and values, making them comfortable and satisfied in their jobs. It will promote equality among all employees, controlling misconduct and sycophancy naturally. An employee will possess greater willingness to report misconduct, if any, knowing the organization will take appropriate actions against it. The employees will feel valued by the organization for their actual worth (Rhoden). Organizational procedures and policies reflect the ethical system of that organization. In most organizations, the code of conduct and policies are well-written pieces of deep-rooted ethics. However, in reality, these tend to be practiced solely on the surface. Same is the situation with the organization in the case study – Wisson possesses elegant and well-written organizational policies, which Valarie (the marketing manager of Wisson) later discovers are not adequately practiced. As vital as the clause for bribes and personal payments was being violated by Valarie’s boss, Waters. Such practices pose serious threats to organizational and personal ethics, creating a conflict between the two. As person-job fit is emphasized in most management guidelines, the importance of person-organization fit is now being increasingly recognized. If a person’s personal ethics and values are not in peace with the organization’s ethics, serious issues can arise in the for m of ethical dilemmas, greatly hampering one’s capability to perform. In the case under investigation, Valarie was undergoing the same ethical dilemmas posed by improper person-organization fit. She was a staunch believer of equal opportunities for all and widespread competition being healthy for

The Future of Artificial Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 21250 words

The Future of Artificial Intelligence - Essay Example Through following the works of Hopfield, who has become the symbolic founding father of a very large and broad physics-based study of neural networks as dynamical systems, AI will surely continue to develop in the future. This paper convincingly argues that intelligent machines will be intertwined in the future society, and addresses the lack of a tangible body to manage the development of computer software. The supplementary research further establishes that engineers will have increased ethical and political responsibilities in the development of artificial intelligence systems in the future. This paper also develops a thorough picture of the study of artificial intelligence and a particular emphasis on Neural Networks and its methodology and outlines its usefulness in computing applications. In addition it explores the movement to develop strong AI systems and deals with some non-technical theoretical issues involving that development. Evidence introduced to support arguments that intelligent machines will be a part of future compelled a set of recommendations intended to guide engineers in their continued development of intelligent computer programs. The recommendations, constituting a primary product of this project, represent delicate changes in the social role of engineers; however will become increasingly important as technology grows. Despite the fact that, the material presented has allowed the project to achieve its two major goals, namely explaining current and developing AI technologies in a way accessible to non-experts, and outlining recommendations to prepare future engineers for their growing ethical and professional responsibilities. Table of Contents 1.5.1 Definitions of the Terms 10 2.5 Language Processing 32 2.6 AI & Machine Learning 33 Neural Networks for Information Retrieval (IR): A Methodology 77 3.3.1 A Hopfield Network Example 81 3.4 Originality & Limitation of Data 86 Chapter 1 1.1 Statement of the Problem Promising technologies and programming techniques raise the capability to create intelligent software programs. With the introduction of viable neural networking solutions, the people have come even closer to building artificially intelligent machines. This project outlines the impact of neural networking on the development of artificial intelligence

Multi- Level Car Park System Project

Multi- Level Car Park System Project Career Episode 1 CE 1.1 INTRODUCTION During my engineering degree, I worked on a project called Multi- Level Car Park System in my 6th semester. So, my first career episode describes that project. I did my Bachelors Degree in Electronics Communication from Surya School of Engineering Technology affiliated to Punjab Technical University. I completed my engineering in 2013. This project was completed in six months and under the leadership of Prof. Neha Batra Sharma who was a microcontroller lecturer. CE 1.2 BACKGROUND In this century, every person is trying to find ways in which work can be done easily and fast. There are lot of developments that have been done that are based on automation. The projectÂÂ   makes use of this concept which is cooperative for everyone. In this project, I am trying to solve the traditional parking system which is noisy, trouble for users and has risk of accidents. For these problems and to reduce human efforts I have introduced an automation based multi-level parking system which utilizes minimum space possible and many cars can be parked making it time saving and risk free. Parking will be done in that same amount of place grated by the government but many cars can be accommodated. Here the driver of the car will just park the car at the entry point and then rest of the parking work will be done by this new system itself without the help of any valet driver. CE 1.3 The issue in every industry, building or office is of parking. Lot of space is needed to park a car. In traditional parking systems, man power i.e. drivers are required and as number of cars are increasing drastically in the market it creates a hazard for each driver who is on the road. If appropriate car parking is done then more cars can be parked. Also, there should be proper space that is need to be maintained between two car lens so a person taking his car out doesnt face any problem along with no wastage of space is done. The aim and objective behind this project is to lessen human efforts to park a car. In this system, I have made use of automation which is done by Arduino controller. This system will help to minimize the car parking area especially in areas where there is less space for parking. The automated car parking system will enable vehicles to be parked at each floor by floor and in limited amount of space, many vehicles can be parked. It is the modernized system of parking cars. CE 1.4 I had made a project strategy to plan the work I needed to perform along with the duration it would require by considering the level of complications and important areas of work. I started by putting the first thing in my plan as, to discuss the idea about project and do some research which was followed by designing of the model and studying Arduino controller. Which further involved implementation of the model and studying various programming techniques useful for this controller. It followed by final interfacing of components like servo motor, keypad etc. to complete the hardware and software part. I had also performed test run and troubleshoot on the system and made a detail project report. At every step, I kept my internal project guide involved and updated with my progress. CE 1.5 PERSONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY After finalizing the title for my project, I started doing reviews on current scenarios in car parking and noted down all the difficulties and started to find solutions on it. There after I started to discover strategies on how to follow and go ahead with this solution. I divided the project implantation process in 2 portions: cark parking process and car taking process. And I developed a block diagram for the hardware which can be seen below. CE 1.6 Automation is basically the use of control system that will reduce the work or effort done by human in performing any task of goods and services. It basically eases it. in space of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Mechanization mostly provides human with machinery that will operate to assist them with any physical or muscular exertion requirement. Whereas automation significantly decreases the need for human physical and mental requirements. It plays an important role in the world now. Generally automated parking is a method of parking and retrieving cars automatically by using a system of pallets and lifts. It is a time saving and space saving method and it can be used for underground or leveled parking system. It enhances the safety and comfort of driver in constrained environment that requires experience and attention to steer the car. CE 1.7 I made use of following hardware components after performing studies on them. 1. Arduino controller is a tool used so that the system can sense and control the number of inputs and outputs. It is simply a microcontroller board on which programs can be coded. 2. L293 Motor drive IC a monolithic integrated high voltage device which is used as heat sink and to drive inductive loads and switching power transistors. 3. DC Motor used bidirectional DC motor that will rotate in both direction and generate torque directly and speed of 10rpm. 4. Servo motor used for precision positioning and are equipped with servo mechanism to control angular positions. 5. Keypad use of keypad is done to get inputs from the user to the system. User inputs car details and will input the parking spot for that car where it can be parked. CE 1.8 The internal circuitry working of this system can be described as when the power supply is given to the controller, it asks for input from the user. User enters the input via keyboard which then goes to Arduino microcontroller. Motor drive IC which is connected to the main motor receives data from the controller that is given by the user.ÂÂ   The controller will work as directed by the input and pass it to device IC accordingly and thus the motor will rotate. Thus, after car gets parked in the desired area, the key is pressed for that slot and it sends a 0 signal to the controller along with other necessary information of the car. The same procedure repeats for various other cars. The software part was coded based on C/C++ programming language. Though it seemed to be a simple code, it took lot of efforts in completion. I divided the whole code into parts and tried to code each segment separately and check its functionality and then combine it together so that it acts as one and performs in the desired fashion. I also took help from experts from the field of coding to achieve the desired result in my project. CE 1.9 The parking of the car process of my project: The limit switch tracks for any empty available parking spots so when the user inputs the details for parking, the loop continues to flow until it finds a slot for parking. When a slot is found, it will ask the user to input details and select from available slot. This input goes to the controller. The controller triggers the appropriate pin to give a vertical movement to the lift until floor detection key is pressed. After reaching the desired floor, the second motor is rotated to get to the desired area of parking. The servo motor rotates the lift outside and vertical motor moves downwards till it is parked in the slot. Once car is parked, the lift positions itself to the original position at the entry level. Picking the car from Parking process: When a user wants to take out his car from parking, it enters the details and the loop flows until he enters the slot number of the car parked. The slot number acts as an input for the controller and the same procedure is repeated until the car is taken out. The lift then levels itself to the entry level. CE 1.10 While performing this project, there were many hurdles in between. The first hurdle was construction of its hardware, as it requires lots of component and it structure was very heavy and bulky. And the controller was a new one for me so it took a while to understand its details and the way it functions. The other problem was with the software as I was not so proficient in making such complex codes. I took help from my seniors and project guide and they helped me overcome this hurdle. CE 1.11 SUMMARY Based on practical and theoretical knowledge in my field of electronics I prepared a working model that performs the required functionality. Various possible different solutions and options were taken into consideration and had been studied. And thus, after technical comparative study based on its merit and demerits I performed this system. The whole control of the system is done on Arduino controller board and its the main driving unit of the system. There is a lot of scope for expansion to this system by adding sensors and LCD display showing all parking spots and details. Overall this project helped me learn new things and it being my first every project in my own field of study, was a new experience. It helped me grow a lot in technical terms as well as at personal level.

Censorship of Music :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Censorship of Music Music has always been a basic form of expression. From Antonin Dvorak, to Eminem, to even ancient, tribal music, it has been a medium through which individuals convey their thoughts and expressions. Today this medium is under attack. Everywhere we turn, everything we do and say is being scrutinized. We are being told what to say. We are being spoon-fed our emotions. No longer are we allowed to think freely, openly. All the censors out there are on the prowl for another piece to rip to shreds because it doesn't fit their description of what is decent and moral. What they fail to realize is that we don't make the music for them... We do it for release. Music has often been the release for some of our most troublesome times. If you are angry or sad, you go home and put in a song that relates to your feelings, making you feel better. I personally, write when I'm not in the best mood. Whether I'm depressed, angry, or whatever, I know that the pen is my one true friend, and the parchment will never tell me lies. Many people fail to see this as therapy. They see it as cursing, vulgarity, etc., just for the hell of it. This is not true in most cases. On Eric Nuzum's (I know you love him!) website I found some interesting facts. Following the September 11th terrorist attacks, Clear Channel Communications released a list of 150 "lyrically questionable" songs that it was requesting stations remove from their play lists (Nuzum). Some of these songs were: "Highway to Hell" and "Shoot to Thrill" AC/DC, "Jet Airliner" Steve Miller Band, "Fly" Sugar Ray, "Another One Bites the dust" Queen, all songs by Rage Against the Machine, and, to beat all else, "Walk Like an Egyptian" The Bangles. Some of the songs on this list are just ridiculous to the point of hilarity! I'm sure "99 Luft Balloons" is going to start a riot! Another amusing example was in June 1965, radio stations across the country ban the Rolling Stones "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" because they believe the lyrics are too sexually suggestive.

Economic development Essay

Smith (2002) follows the research structure in 1990 but narrows down the research range from country-level data to industry-level data. This paper provides further analysis from 1972 to 1992 at five-year intervals and focuses on three specific patent-sensitive industries – Biological products, Medicinal and Botanicals, and Pharmaceuticals. The results in the paper support the hypothesis of the previous studies in 1999. Moreover, one of the mainly differences between this paper and the previous studies, as mentioned above, is the measure of patent rights index. The level of patent rights protection varies from countries to countries. In practice, there are two methods to measure the patent rights index – Rapp-Rozek index and Ginarte-Park index. Maskus and Penubarti’s research (1995) and Smith (1999 & 2001) all adopt Rapp and Rozek index but this paper measures patent rights index by Ginarte-Park index. In fact, two patent rights indices have been used in many empirical literatures about patent rights. The Rapp and Rozek index will be measured by six features – â€Å"coverage of inventions, examination procedures, and term of protection, transferability of rights, compulsory licensing, and effective enforcement against infringement† (Smith, P. J. 1999). On the side, the scores of Ginarte and Park index will be determined by five features – membership in international treaties, coverage, and restrictions on patent rights, enforcement and duration of protection. The sum score is zero through five. The higher total points indicate stronger patent protection (Park, W. G. , 2008). Smith’s finding verifies that there is no significant difference between using two patent rights indices. Notwithstanding, comparing with Rapp and Rozek index, Ginarte-Park index which merger the important international patent laws and agreement into the evaluation is used in this paper. Rafiquzzaman (2002) examines the amount of export of Canada to 76 countries in 1990 according to 22 categories in 2-digit level of the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes. The explanatory variables are gross national income, population size, patent rights, tariff rate and distance. It is worth noting that Rafiquzzaman compare the results of two different index of patent right as well and then find the correlation between Rapp-Rozex index for 1984 and Ginarte-Park index for 1990 is 0. 78. In other words, using either Rapp-Rozex index or Ginarte-Park index to estimate country’s patent protection has no significant difference, as Smith’s finding. The conclusion of this study provides support for verifying Smith’s hypothesis in 1999. That is to say, an increase in patent rights often leads in an increase in Canada’s exports, in particular if importing countries have high economic development levels and strong threats to imitation. After reviewing the theoretical research and existing empirical literatures, the effect of patent rights might be positive or negative, even be ambiguous. It might depend on some characteristics of importing countries – country’s economic developments levels, strength of patent rights and local imitation pressure, for example. This paper attempts to extend Smith’s research in 1999 but use different database. Besides, this paper adopts up-to-date data (2005) to examine the relationship between the strength of patent right and international trade which does the result as the same as Smith’s research in 1999, 2001, and 2002. This research structure can help governments have an overall picture to analyze the relationship between economic growth and the strength of patent rights. As discussed above, effects of patent rights are defined in early empirical studies are market expansion and market power. In principle, market power and expansion effects can be briefly explained in two aspects – demand and supply in economics. The market expansion effect can be defined that market shares of patent holders will rise when the patent rights protection in importing countries is improved. The advanced rights of patent generate higher costs of imitation to competitors and encourage, promote and attract more foreign technology to importing countries. In other words, less imitation not only implies an increased demand for exports because of lower costs, but also infers an increased supply. It is because exporters save anti-imitative costs such as monitor costs, enforcement costs and costs to prevent copying and imitation. In a standard demand and supply model, cost reduction leads a right shift both in demand and supply line. On the other hand, improved patent rights protection might produce monopolistic market power and contribute to a more concentrated market because of higher technical and cost barriers to entry. From the standard monopoly model, it can be seen that the sold quantity of monopolistic enterprises would be always less than the society optimum quantity in order to sell products at prices plus monopoly mark up. There is a monopolistic tactics to maximize firms profit is to beat selling quantity down in order to raise price. Hence, market power effect will confer more market power on the patent holders and then result in a reduction of the amount of export. In this article, we collect data sets from US exports and study three forms of bilateral trade equations to test three hypotheses about the relationship between exports and patent rights in relation to income development, imitative abilities, and threat of imitation, respectively. The first hypothesis which examines the relation between patent rights and country development is based on Maskus and Penubarti’s research (1995) and Smith’s research (1999). The other two hypotheses are based on Smith’s research (1999) to take the degree of threat of imitation and imitative abilities into account. Hypothesis 1- interaction between exports and patent rights with relation to country’s level of development In this section, I suppose a country’s development of patent rights positively respond to its economic development. We assume that countries with higher economic development would pay more attention on patent reform. In addition, higher-income developed countries possess much financial resources than lower-income countries. As imagined, higher-income developed nations are likely to control up great majority expenditure and performance on research and development in the world. Otherwise, developing countries take ambiguous attitudes towards the world’s patent reform. As discussed above, a fierce debate originates in some doubts with regard to effects of patent protection from developing countries. A patent reform in developing countries might attract foreign investment and international trade, but it might restrain economic development in local industry as well. Besides, lower income economies seem to relatively lack non natural resources such as financial and technological resources. It is said that higher income countries possess some degree of market power because of these unique competitive advantages such as patent, financial resources or higher technical capacities. Hence, referring to above assumptions, higher income developed nations pose stronger patent protection than lower income countries have.

Two Kinds of Response to the Challenges of the XX Century: Freud’s Pessimism versus Camus’ Optimism

Early 20th century was a time when European civilization found itself in a deep crisis. That was a â€Å"good old world† of progress and orderliness in the late 19th century crashed down in the flame of the First World War. European thinkers had to face a dramatic question: whether Europe is still existing and whether its ideals of humanism and enlightenment are still sought-after, or its previous aspiration to the perfect world were in vain? Naturally this question was being answered both in pessimistic and optimistic light. In this paper I will attempt to analyze these two concepts, using Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents as an example of pessimism and Camus’ Plague as example of optimism. At that I am going to argue that both pessimistic and optimistic approach attempted to discover latent natural aspects of human nature. The difference was only in the attitude towards these aspects. Freud’s work can be distinctively separated into two great periods: before and after the WWI. In the first period he explored the optimistic desire of life, pleasure and reproduction that he called Eros. In the second period he became interested in the desire of death and killing that he called Thanatos. Most basically, he attempted to explain what does mankind exist for, and in the Civilization and Its Discontents he finally melancholically observed that â€Å"The question of the purpose of human life has been raised countless times; it has never received a satisfactory answer and perhaps does not admit of one. † (Freud 51). In contrast to Freud’s runaround, Camus does answer the question, or, better to say, offers two answers. The first one is given by the people before the Plague: â€Å"Their chief interest is in commerce, and their chief aim in life is, as they call it, ‘doing business. † (Camus 2). The second one is given after the Plague has come: â€Å"if there is one thing one can always yearn for and sometimes attain, it is human love. † (Camus 298). In Camus novel the Plague does not certainly mean war, this is rather a disaster that makes people unite in their new understanding of life values. But what makes people change in the disaster and what are the motivations that cause them to change? Freud sees a dramatic conflict between civilization and human nature. In order to become â€Å"civilized† and make use of the benefits of civilization people have to oppress their own nature and â€Å"civilization, therefore, obtains mastery over the individual's dangerous desire for aggression by weakening and disarming it and by setting up an agency within him to watch over it, like a garrison in a conquered city. † (Freud 119). Yet those hidden inclinations never disappear and explode like an overheated steam boiler as soon as civilization control weakens in such situations as war or distress. Then people are no longer driven by rules, but by instincts, including desire to deaden and die, that tragically prevails over desire to live and give life. Camus agrees with Freud and also pays outstanding attention to relations between civilized human individual and the world of natural instincts. He notes that â€Å"what's natural is the microbe. All the rest-heath, integrity, purity (if you like)-is a product of the human will, of a vigilance that must never falter†. (Camus 253). Yet the book does not include much descriptions of any behavior that Freud would call â€Å"natural†. There are few scenes of cruelty, bit most of the men stay men like guards at the gates who are not interested in the plague at all and can easily be bribed to let a man leave the affected city. Life continues even in the times of plague and instinctive behavior is not demonstrated as soon as may be, but only in the most stressing situations. A habit to be civilized still prevails in the Plague. Freud is unable to find a way out of this conflict and his late confessions like â€Å"readiness for a universal love of mankind and the world represents the highest standpoint which man can reach† (Freud 91) sound futile and unrelated to the subject matter. In contrast to this, his conclusion that â€Å"One feels inclined to say that the intention that man should be ‘happy' is not included in the plan of ‘Creation. † (Freud 53) seems to tally up the entire Freud’s work. The more people tend to become good and orderly, the worse shall be the following explosion of the â€Å"steam boiler†. Human nature is unchangeable and wild for Freud. Camus idea of the role of instinctive side of human nature is different. Men are good after all, and even their instincts can be enjoyable. One of the last scenes of the novel occurs on the seashore. The author and a friend of him go swimming symbolically both cleaning themselves from plague and returning to natural roots of their personality. Unknown† and â€Å"uncontrolled† dies not surely mean â€Å"bad† for Camus. A disaster does reveal the hidden, it strips individual personalities to reveal their most suppressed inclinations, but who said that those inclinations are always bad? â€Å"What we learn in time of pestilence: that there are more things to admire in men than to despise† (Camus 306) concludes Camus. Such â€Å"optimism without hope† did give hope to the ruined Eu rope.

pKa Definition in Chemistry

pKa Definition in Chemistry If youre working with acids and bases, two familiar values are pH and pKa. Here is the definition of pKa and a look at how it relates to acid strength. pKa Definition pKa is the negative base-10 logarithm of the acid dissociation constant (Ka) of a solution.pKa -log10KaThe lower the pKa value, the stronger the acid. For example, the pKa of acetic acid is 4.8, while the pKa of lactic acid is 3.8. Using the pKa values, one can see lactic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid. The reason pKa is used is because it describes acid dissociation using small decimal numbers. The same type of information may be obtained from Ka values, but they are typically extremely small numbers given in scientific notation that are hard for most people to understand. Key Takeaways: pKa Definition The pKa value is one method used to indicate the strength of an acid.pKa is the negative log of the acid dissociation constant or Ka value.A lower pKa value indicates a stronger acid. That is, the lower value indicates the acid more fully dissociates in water. pKa and Buffer Capacity In addition to using pKa to gauge the strength of an acid, it may be used to select buffers. This is possible because of the relationship between pKa and pH: pH pKa log10([A-]/[AH]) Where the square brackets are used to indicate the concentrations of the acid and its conjugate base. The equation may be rewritten as: Ka/[H] [A-]/[AH] This shows that pKa and pH are equal when half of the acid has dissociated. The buffering capacity of a species or its ability to maintain pH of a solution is highest when the pKa and pH values are close. So, when selecting a buffer, the best choice is the one that has a pKa value close to the target pH of the chemical solution.